The perovskite solar cell offers a unique opportunity for low cost solar energy due to the low cost of the materials, the capability of being deposited through well known printing techniques, and the opportunity for conformal devices. The structure of the perovskite material is more complicated than usual solar cell semiconductors and offers ample opportunity from fundamental research, manufacturing development through to practical engineering. Our group's efforts are towards rapid processes producing a durable device improving the commercial opportunities for this technology, through:

• Formulation design enabling atmospheric depositions using roll-to-roll scalable techniques.
• Integrating rapid deposition processes into a roll-to-roll platform.
• Using Intense Pulsed Light to thermally anneal the deposited films.

Formulation Design: The perovskite material is represented as ABX3, where A are cations, often organics; B is a metal such as lead; and X is a halogen (Cl, Br, I). The pre-cursors of these chemistries are soluble in a number of solvents, and we focus on using solvent/pre-cursor combinations that are amenable to rapid large area deposition techniques. Our group explores the interactions of the solvents and pre-cursors and the dynamics of the inks and techniques to mix prior to deposition.

Rapid Deposition: Roll-to-roll deposition processes relying on low solute inks has been practiced commercially since the advent of the industrial revolution. The organo-metal halide perovskite offers an interesting challenge in the nucleation of the grains as the solvent evaporates from deposited film. Our group is focusing on controlling this process through the integration of the formulation and deposition process.

Intense Pulsed Light: The final grain growth of the perovskite materials is important to the functionality of the final device and can be accomplished through annealing techniques that include thermal and chemical methods. These methods can be carried out in roll-to-roll processes but would require large chambers to maintain prescribed temperatures and vapor compositions and pressures. Our group has employed intense pulsed light technology to anneal the perovskite thin films using thermal and chemical means.