 Notes: The American Prison in the Culture Wars 1. Ho Chi Minh, Speech at the Eighteenth National Congress of the French Socialist Party, Tours, France, 1920.
2. The New York Times, August 9, 1968.
3. Louis Kampf and Paul Lauter, eds., The Politics of Literature: Dissenting Essays on the Teaching of English (New York: Random House, 1972). The Introduction to this volume includes an invaluable account of the events at the MLA convention and their role in the cultural battles and transformations then emerging.
4. Richard M. Nixon, speech delivered at General Beadle State College, South Dakota, June 3, 1969, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 1969 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971), p. 429.
5. Spiro Agnew, "Threat to Educational Standards," speech at Republican fund-raising dinner, Des Moines, Iowa, April 14, 1970, in Immanuel Wallerstein and Paul Starr, eds., The University Crisis Reader: The Liberal University Under Attack (New York: Vintage Books, 1971), 320.
6. "Professor Sees Peril in Education," San Francisco Chronicle, October 30, 1970.
7. Two excellent analyses of the fight over free tuition and open admissions at CUNY are: Michael Harrington, "Keep Open Admissions Open," The New York Times Magazine, November 2, 1975, pp. 16-17, 94-102; Deborah Davis, "Free Tuition Is Dead--And Who Killed It," The Village Voice, December 8, 1975, p. 13.
8. Speech by Gerald Ford to the National Press Club, October 29, 1975, as reported in The New York Times, October 30, 1975.
9. Ron Nessen, statement to the press, October 17, 1975.
10. 10. Ira Shor, Culture Wars: School and Society in the Conservative Restoration, 1969-1984 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 7.
11. Brent Staples, "The Politics of Remedial Education at CUNY," The New York Times, September 7, 1998. On November 24, 1999, the New York State Board of Regents approved a plan to phase out remedial courses at CUNY by the year 2001.
12. See Elihu Rosenblatt, ed., Criminal Injustice: Confronting the Prison Crisis (Boston: South End Press, 1996); Elliott Currie, Crime and Punishment in America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998); Daniel Burton-Rose, Dan Pens, and Paul Wright, eds., The Celling of America (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1998); Scott Christianson, With Liberty for Some (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998); Eric Schlosser, "The Prison-Industrial Complex," Atlantic Monthly 282 (December 1998), pp. 51-77.
13. As demonstrated by Andrew L. Shapiro in "Challenging Criminal Disenfranchisement Under the Voting Rights Act: A New Strategy," Yale Law Journal 103 (November 1993), 537-566, the explicit purpose of most of the state laws that stripped the vote from convicted felons was to disenfranchise the black electorate. Many of these laws were bundled in legislation mandating poll taxes, literacy tests, and other devices to curtail or eliminate black voting, and their framers sometimes declared that criminal disenfranchisement would be the only one to resist constitutional challenges.
14. Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project, telephone interview, December 1, 2000.
15. Joseph Bruchac, "The Decline and Fall of Prison Literature," Small Press (January/February 1987), 28-32; Scott Christianson, "Corrections Law Developments: Barring the Convict from the Proceeds of His Story," Criminal Law Bulletin 16 (May-June 1980), 279-287.
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